کارکردهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و تمدنی مدارس دینی لکنهو در پیشبرد تشیع و وحدت اسلامی در شبه‌قاره هند

Lucknow holds a distinguished position among Islamic cities of the Indian subcontinent in the cultural and religious history of Shiʿa communities. Its religious schools and Shiʿa institutions, beyond transmitting Shiʿa thought and training scholars, have functioned as pivotal centers for shaping communal identity and renewing religious thought amid historical pressures and India’s multicultural milieu. Yet their structural and functional dynamics, framed by cultural institutionalism and the idea of Islamic unity, have received limited scholarly scrutiny. This study examines their cultural and social functions to ask how these institutions, when confronted with historical, political, and religious challenges, reconstructed the social identity of Shiʿa Muslims and strengthened interreligious convergence in India. The findings indicate that internal cohesion within the Shiʿa community, scholarly initiative, and engagement with prominent academic centers played decisive roles in consolidating Shiʿa influence. Consequently, coordinated efforts emerged to systematize the teaching of Shiʿa doctrines. Grounded in religious authority (marjaʿiyya) and leveraging educational and missionary networks, Lucknow’s schools organized civic structures on the basis of Islamic teachings and the heritage of the Prophet’s Household (Ahl al Bayt), thereby sustaining Shiʿa authority and supporting Islamic unity across the subcontinent. Employing a historical approach and an analytical comparative method, and drawing on authoritative sources and contemporary scholarship, the research addresses a gap in prior studies and proposes a conceptual model explaining how scholarly and cultural institutions can operate effectively amid identity challenges and arenas of intellectual and social competition. It also delineates implications for future research, institutional governance, curriculum design, and community engagement strategies.