Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2
Postdoctoral Researcher, Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to assess the development of Islamic civilization through a specific historical instance from Iran: the uprising of the Alawite in Tabarestan and the formation of the first Shiite government in the country. This analysis will consider both the intellectual and belief principles of the time, as well as the historical context of that era. The study aims to model a historical case of the Shiite uprising and to theorize its application in today's world. The historical potential for civilization-building, exemplified by the Shiite revolutionary uprisings and the struggle against oppression throughout various eras, can serve as a model for contemporary individuals. By drawing on these lessons, we can advance the goals of Islam and make strides toward human perfection.
Methodology: The theoretical data collection method employed in this study relies on library resources. Additionally, the Spriggans model, as introduced in the book Understanding Political Theories, is utilized methodologically. This model comprises four stages: problemology, explanation, idealism, and solutionology. The starting point is to identify political problems and crises and then attempt to resolve them. In the case study of the Alawite government formation, understanding the historical context on one hand and the fundamental beliefs of Shiite Islam on the other is essential. Applying this method can be effective.
Findings: Explaining the background of Shiite beliefs as the foundation for the Islamic civilization and its governance, particularly in light of the Alawite Shiite
uprising in Tabarestan, the following points have been identified:
The four stages of problemology, explanation, idealism, and solutionology are utilized in the Spriggans research method to investigate: 1) the socio-political crises faced by the government during the early centuries of the Islamic era and their underlying causes, and b) the context of the Alawite uprising in response to these crises. 2. According to investigations, there are several cases of government crises, including the government's weakness and the subsequent reduction of key political figures; a lack of unity among Muslims; the usurpation of the Prophet’s succession and the marginalization of Al-Hashem; a lack of moderation in decision-making; and the imposition of heavy taxes on the populace. 3. The roots of the current crisis in the Islamic world include a lack of prophetic guidance and improper execution of Islamic principles; a government that lacks religious authenticity yet appears monotheistic, accompanied by inappropriate innovations in Islamic teachings; politics driven by Pan-Arabism, along with racism and the supremacy of Arabs over non-Arabs; and the injustices perpetrated by rulers. 4. Shiites developed their political theories based on the principles of human perfection and the inherent nature of human behavior. To address crises—whether individual or social—they defined their ideal political system as a continuous leadership grounded in justice, committed to combating oppression. The uprisings of the Shiites were not aimed at establishing a repressive government; rather, they sought to revive their religion, address the tyranny of the caliphs towards Al-Hashem, and renew the traditions of the Prophet. From a theological perspective, the philosophy of Shiite history represents an ongoing struggle between right and wrong, a struggle that extends to the present day. This continuous leadership system is intended to promote justice and unity. 5. The Shiite belief system, rooted in a monotheistic worldview, emphasizes the ideal of combating injustice and oppression. Consequently, it is essential to establish an Islamic system that fosters civilization in a world rife with chaos and cruelty.
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the formation of the Alawite government in Tabarestan was influenced by the religious inclinations of the Shiites, specifically the Zaidi Shiites. Beyond the evident political and geographical factors, it appears that the Zaidi religious beliefs, along with their unique interpretation of the conditions for leadership and the prevailing governmental discourse, motivated the establishment of a mobilizing ideology. This, in turn, facilitated the formation of the Alawite revolutionary government in Tabarestan, which aimed to combat oppression and establish a just military presence. Consequently, the socio-political crises of the early centuries of Islam—including sectarian conflicts, societal disunity, and the absence of a strong central government—contributed to the government's weakness.
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